Written by Guest Contributor Mark McClish
Mark McClish is a 25 year veteran of law enforcement with the United States Marshal Service as an agent, a supervisor and a trainer. He is the author of I Know You Are Lying
Casey Anthony resides in the Orlando, Florida area and is the mother of two-year-old Caylee Anthony. Casey claims that on June 9, 2008 she left Caylee with friend and nanny Zenaida Fernandez-Gonzalez. Casey said she lost contact with Zenaida and has not seen her daughter Caylee since June 9. For some reason, Casey did not tell anyone including the police that her daughter was missing until July 15, 2008.
The following day, July 16, Casey was arrested on suspicion of child neglect, providing false official statements and obstructing a criminal investigation. She remained in jail until being released on bond August 21, 2008. While Casey is at home under electronic monitoring Caylee is still missing.
I have not seen any transcripts of the police interviews with Casey. There are two documents we can review. On July 15, 2008, Cindy Anthony, Casey's mother, called 911 to report Caylee was missing. She made two phone calls to 911 that day. During the second call the 911 operator asked to speak to Casey.
911: Hi. What can you...can you tell me what's going on a little bit?
Casey: I'm sorry?
911: Can you tell me a little bit what's going on?
Casey: My daughter's been missing for the last 31 days.
911: And you know who has her?
Casey: I know who has her. I've tried to contact her. I actually received
a phone call today. Now from a number that is no longer in service.
I did get to speak to my daughter for about a moment. About a minute.
The first thing we see is that Casey answered a question with a question, "I'm sorry?" Answering a question with a question usually means the person was asked a sensitive question. This is a stall tactic giving the person time to think about how to answer the question. Remember Casey's mother called 911. Casey probably was not expecting to get on the phone.
The next thing that jumps out at me is the statement, "I actually received a phone call today." The shortest sentence is the best sentence. Extra words give us extra information. "I received a phone call today" is a good statement. Why did Casey add the word "actually"? The word "actually" is used when a person is comparing two thoughts. For example, "Is your car blue?" "Actually, my car is red." In this answer, the person is comparing blue with red. When the interviewer has not proffered anything and the person uses the word "actually" we then have some undisclosed information. Casey is comparing receiving a phone call today with what? Not receiving a phone call? There is no reason to use the word "actually" unless she is thinking about something else. She uses the word to bolster her statement but instead it indicates she is being deceptive.
She then goes on to say that the number that called her that very day is no longer in service.
Casey was arrested on July 16, 2008 and made a telephone call to her mother from the Orange County Jail. The practice of most detention centers is to record any phone calls made by an inmate. On July 25, the Orange County Jail released Casey's 13-minute telephone call. During the call Casey made the following statements.
"I have no clue where Caylee is."
"That I have no clue where my daughter is? Yes, that is the truth. That is the absolute truth."
Twice Casey said she had "no clue" where her daughter is. It is hard to
believe a person when he or she says, "I have no clue" or "I have no idea." Most people have an idea on just about everything. I don't know how we can successfully send a man to Mars but I have an idea. My idea probably will not work because I am not a rocket scientist but I do have an idea. Casey also has to have an idea or clue as to where Caylee is. Doesn't she believe Caylee is with Zenaida Fernandez-Gonzalez? This is a strong indication she is withholding information.
We saw the same thing with Senator Joe Biden. He is on the list as a possible running mate with Barack Obama. On August 20, 2008, Biden was asked by the press if he was going to be the Democratic vice presidential candidate. He responded, "I promise you I don't know anything. I have no idea." I will bet you he does become the Democratic vice presidential candidate and I will bet you Casey Anthony is withholding information about her daughter's disappearance.
Update
On September 12, 2008 the Orange County Sheriff's office released the audio recordings of the two interviews they conducted with Casey Anthony
on July 16, 2008.
The first interview was in the morning and the detective asked Casey to tell him what transpired the day Caylee went missing. Casey responded with the following statement.
I got off of work, left Universal driving back to pick up Caylee like a normal day.
And I show up to the apartment knock on door nobody answers. So, I call Zeniada cell
phone and it's out of service. It says the phone is no longer in service, excuse me.
So, I sit down on the steps and wait for a little bit to see if maybe it was just a
fluke if something happened and time passed and I didn't hear from anyone. No one
showed up to the house so I went over to J. Blanchard Park and checked a couple of
other places where maybe possibly they would have gone; couple stores, just regular
places that I know Zenida shops at and she's taken Caylee before. And after about
7:00 when I still hadn't heard anything I was getting pretty upset, pretty frantic
and I went to a neutral place. I didn't really want to come home. I wasn't sure what
I would say about not knowing where Caylee was still hoping that I would get a call
or you know find out that Caylee was coming back so that I could go get her. And I
ended up going to my boyfriend Anthony's house who lives in Sutton Place.
Since Casey is telling the detective what happened the day her daughter disappeared, her statement should be in the past tense. In the first five sentences, Casey uses language that is in the present tense.
I got off of work, left Universal driving back to pick up Caylee like a normal day.
And I show up to the apartment knock on door nobody answers. So, I call Zeniada cell
phone and it's out of service. It says the phone is no longer in service, excuse me.
So, I sit down on the steps and wait for a little bit to see if maybe it was just a
fluke if something happened and time passed and I didn't hear from anyone.
In the rest of her statement, she is consistently uses past tense language. When people use present tense language, it is an
indication they are making up the story. Truthful people will rely on their memory and tell us what happened.
Since deceptive people are not searching their memory but are making up the story, present tense language may creep into their statement.
So, I call Zeniada cell phone and it's out of service.
So, I sit down on the steps and wait for a little bit...
No one showed up to the house so I went over to J. Blanchard Park...
In a statement, a person should be telling us what happened. When a person explains why he or she did something this is considered out-of-bound and is cause for concern as to whether or not the person is being truthful. Words such as "so" "since" and "because" should raise a red flag.
I wasn't sure what I would say about not knowing where Caylee was still hoping that
I would get a call or you know find out that Caylee was coming back so that I could go get her.
When people use the phrase "you know" they sometimes want us to take for granted what they are about to say. However, we take nothing for granted and only believe what they tell us. Some people have a habit of using this phrase but I did not hear Casey use this phrase often.
The second interview with Casey Anthony took place on the same day in the afternoon. Casey told the detectives that she worked at Universal Studios and that she may have information in her office that would help in finding Caylee. The detectives and Casey went to Universal Studios and as they are walking down the hall to Casey's office she admits that she does not work at Universal Studios. It appears they then went into a conference room to conduct the second interview. Here is a portion of the interview.
Q. I know and you know that everything you've told me is a lie. Correct?
A. Not everything that I've told you.
It is obvious that Casey has lied to the detectives since she told them she worked at Universal Studios when she didn't.
She further tells us she has not been completely truthful when she says "not everything" has been a lie. That means some of the things she said was lie and some things were true.
Q. This has gone so far down hill and this has become such a mess that we need to end it.
It's very simple. We just need to end it.
A. I agree with you. I have no clue where she is.
Q. Sure you do.
A. If I knew, in any sense of where she was this wouldn't have happened at all.
As I mentioned earlier it is very rare when a person can honestly say he or she has "no clue" or has "no idea."
The detectives talk about a hypothetical young mother who confesses that a horrible thing happened. Casey responds with the following.
The horrible thing that happened, this is the honest to God's truth, of everything that I've said I do not know where she is. The last person that I saw her with is Zenaida. She's the last person that I've seen my daughter with.
Casey begins her response as if she is going to tell us what horrible thing happened. However, she then changes her thinking and does not tell us what horrible thing happened.
The phrase "honest to God" is often used by deceptive people. However, if an interviewer continually tells the subject that he or she is lying, this may force the subject to use phrases such as "honest to God" or "I swear to God."
Q. Favorite places to go? I guess Universal is one of them.
A. As a theatrical thing of course but she liked J. Blanchard Park going to
Lake Underhill and walk around the lake.
Q. Where about in the park did she like the best?
A. The playgrounds. She liked to just attempt to run around Lake Underhill.
She liked to go and walk the big trail at J. Blanchard Park.
Q. That's a big trail.
A. She loved that.
Q. You're going to be our biggest help in solving this.
A. I have nothing to go off of that's the problem. I have perspective ideas
of maybe where she could go. At the same time she could have gone back up
to New York. Could have gone up to Jacksonville where we have a friend.
Could have gone down to Miami where her mom and her sister live now.
She could have gone anywhere.
I had mentioned that when telling a story the person should be using past tense language. An exception to that rule is when talking about a missing person. Family members want to believe their missing loved one is alive and well. Therefore, they will always talk about them using present tense language. When a family member talks about the missing person using past tense language, they are revealing to us that they know the person is dead. Four times Casey refers to Caylee in the past tense. Many missing child cases are solved by listening to the verb tenses.
In talking about Caylee's whereabouts, Casey states, "I have perspective ideas of maybe where she could go." However, earlier in the interview she said, "I have no clue where she is." In the telephone call to her mother on July 16, 2008 she said, "I have no clue where Caylee is."
"That I have no clue where my daughter is? Yes, that is the truth."
Suddenly she now has "perspective ideas." As I said, it is hard to believe someone when they say "I have no clue" or "I have no idea."
All indications are Casey Anthony is telling a multitude of lies. She knows what happened to her daughter Caylee and she knows her daughter is dead.
Update
With the FBI at the scene, at left, crime scene technicians carry a large item, December 11, 2008, from where skeletal remains of a small child were found and believed to be that of Caylee Marie Anthony.
On December 11, 2008, the bones of a child were found in the vicinity of Casey Anthony's residence. On December 19, 2008 the Orange County Medical Examiner announced that the bones were positively identified as that of Caylee Anthony. The Medical Examiner has ruled the death of Caylee as a homicide. There was no indication as to how Caylee died.
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4 comments:
Excellent post.
Mark McClish's website is excellent. I've read it all last month. There are many case studies and plenty to learn from. Anyone interested in statement analysis should stop by his website.
Ian.
Couple of questions regarding the statement analysis....
1. When she confesses and uses past tense isn't the question set up to be answered in past tense. When somebody asks you a question you try and answer it with the same tense, right? The first past tense (liked) is out of place I agree, however the question asked where DID she like best, shouldn't the question be phrased where does she like best in order to asses this correctly?
Secondly, if somebody takes your child and you know the police know who you think has her, and you think she could be in several places, to some wouldn't that constitute as "no idea." They have an idea but in their mind they don't have a good enough idea for it to be of any use to bring up, causing them to just say I have no idea.
Thirdly, the words so, since, and because raise red flags, this seems illogical to me. I use "so" a lot throughout the day, it is part of most of my everyday conversations. I am guessing that these word's use are based off a baseline?
Just a few thoughts I had after reading this, if anybody cold enlighten me I would appreciate it!
Thanks,
Justin
(If you noticed, Yes I did post this in the wrong section before I correctly posted it here... fail on my part :p)
Justin,
1. Are you referring to the part where Casey is questioned about Caley's favourite places to go? Let's assume so. This is grammatically correct to use the past tense when the questions refer to the past. Your assessment makes sense but only as an afterthought. The questions are not asked to some old grand-mother recollecting memories about her daughter when she was a child. Most parents in missing cases refuse to believe their child might be dead and they would most likely utter something like “Did? She does. She is still alive! I know it in my heart!” The use of past tense in Casey's answers might indicate that she has prior knowledge on her daughter's status, as in, “She is dead because I killed her [or I know who killed her, or ...].”
2. Ask yourself what you would do if your child was missing. The slightest useless idea of where she might be would be good enough for you to look at. Saying “I have no idea” is the fastest way to turn people away and conceal information. This is also different from “I don't know.” She might know but have no idea. She doesn't need clue because she knows. Deceptive people tend to avoid direct denials. I'd like to suggest you an experiment among your friends: next time someone tells you “I have no idea”, throw few questions or even suppositions (of what the person might think) and see for yourself.
3. Text bridges are most effective to detect deception in recollection of events, to my experience. There is an excellent article on the subject, entitled “Text Bridges and the Micro-Action Interview” by John R. Schafer, Ph.D., FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, January, 2008. Some people may use certain text bridges as an habit or even words like “you know”; but then you would hear it perhaps 30-40 times in a 10 minutes conversation.
There is no need to establish a baseline according to Mark McClish. It is an oversimplification in my opinion. The baseline can be established within a given statement, in most cases, contrary to the analysis of non-verbal behaviour, which strongly advises to establish a baseline beforehand.
Don't mistake Red Flags for something they are not. They are not absolute. Detecting deception techniques bring no absolute. A red flag is something to help an investigator to focus on elements to investigate and decide whether it should be ruled out (as being deceptive) or not. The process helps to uncover the truth. There is no single red flag to tell a person is being deceptive. Instead, the overall red flags are considered before making a judgement. As we would say, when it looks like deception, smells like deception and taste like deception, it's probably deception.
Here are some references provided that you are interested to learn more about statement analysis.
Mark McClish website at http://www.statementanalysis.com/
Detecting Deception in an Apology at http://mecenia.blogspot.com/2009/11/detecting-deception-in-apology.html
I have written the article on Detecting Deception in an Apology. You will certainly appreciate the reference section in the document. There are many articles listed on the subjects.
Ian.
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